Over the last few days, I sent four (!) posts to this thread that never showed up. No idea why.
Here is the quintessence of those posts, which could have clarified some things in the discussion:

- The difference between the "Superbuch" (I'll stick to the German term although it's not even a proper German word but rather a term coined by some time management experts) is that the "Superbuch" doesn't only contain notes, e.g. from a meeting or phone call, but also to-dos as reminders for yourself, like "call Bob" or "get milk while in town". It might also contain (some) addresses or phone numbers.

- The calendar is not a part of the "Superbuch". You'll probably use a separate dedicated address book as well.

- In addition to the link that has already been mentioned here in the meantime, there is another good article about the "Superbuch" (also in German): http://www.michael-banzhaf.de/Orga-Tipps/Superbuch/superbuch.html

EDIT: Thanks to emory, the missing posts are now up (and the thread a little mixed-up), I'll leave this here as a summary nonetheless.
For a more complete summary, I'd like to repeat some points:

- The term refers to the way of use (write everything into the notebook, chronologically) rather than the type of notebook.

- As mentioned above by mdl, you'll probably need some system of markup/metadata to use it efficiently (esp. since your to-dos will be intermingled with simple notes). There is no predefined system for that.

- You'll probably want to clean up your to-dos every other day.

Only an English name for this is still to be found.